In the early 1980s, studies showed that the Inuit had low rates of heart disease despite their high-fat diet rich in fish. It turns out the omega 3 fatty acids in the fish may be what protects their hearts, along with other health benefits.
Omega-3, and Omega-6 fatty acids are known as essential "fatty acids" which means they cannot be synthesised in the body and have to be consumed from the diet.
Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids which are characterised by the presence of double bonds three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in the chemical structure. Three types of omega-3 fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
ALA is mainly found in plant oils, while EPA and DHA are mainly found from marine sources.
There are two main sources of omega 3 fatty acids. Plant-based and Marine-based.
Marine sources of omega 3 include fish oil, such as Salmon, Herring, Mackerel, Anchovies, Sardines, Pilchards, Bluefish, Tuna and Halibut. Naturally these contain EPA and DHA.
Plant sources of omega 3 include plant/nut oils such as English walnuts, hemp seeds, chia seeds, pumpkin seeds, vegetable oils ( canola, soybean, flaxseed/linseed and olive oil). Naturally, these contain ALA.
Eggs also contain omega 3 up to a certain extent.
Evidence from several studies has suggested that amounts of DHA and EPA in the form of fish or fish oil supplements lowers triglycerides, slows the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques ("hardening of the arteries"), lowers blood pressure slightly, as well as reduces the risk of death, heart attack, dangerous abnormal heart rhythms, and strokes in people with known heart disease. Both EPA and DHA are involved in hormone synthesis, control of immune functions, blood clotting and for cell membrane integrity.
However, high doses may have harmful effects, such as an increased risk of bleeding. Although similar benefits are proposed for alpha-linolenic acid, scientific evidence is less compelling, and beneficial effects may be less pronounced.
Also, some species of fish carry a higher risk of environmental contamination, such as with methylmercury.

It is a good decision to consume Omega 3 fatty acids as it can:
- reduce inflammation
- reduce blood triglyceride levels (increase HDL - beneficial cholesterol)
- reduces the risk of non-fatal heart attacks
- a good source of nutrition for patients with Crohn's disease or for those who need to be tube fed after abdominal surgeries.
- important for healthy pregnancies
- improvements in morning stiffness and joint tenderness.
- reduce hypertension
- act as anticoagulant (prevent blood clotting).
Omega 6 are essential fatty acids because mammalian cells lack omega-3 desaturase and cannot convert omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. Omega 6 fatty acids are precursors to lipoxins, eicosanoids, and endocannabinoids.
The common source of omega-6 fatty acids are vegetable oils such as grape seed oil, evening primrose oil, flax or linseed oil, rapeseed, hemp, cottonseed, soybean, sunflower seed, corn, safflower , sesame, and palm oil. Other sources include whole-wheat bread, nuts and poultry.
The health benefits of Omega 6 include:
- lower risk of cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, stroke, heart attacks).
- reducing cholesterol
- reduces cancer risk
- for eye health especially after eye surgery
However, recent insights suggested whether you should consume Omega-3, or Omega-6 more. The ideal Omega 6: Omega 3 ratio for healthy consumption was suggested to be 1:1. The closer the ratio to 1:1 the healthier it is. Modern diet has included more omega 6 than what it used to be thus further increasing the ratio, the average ratio these days in developed countries is 16:1.
Excessive consumption of omega 6 was linked with increased cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This is due to the increased inflammatory processes in the body through increased omega 6 consumption. Therefore, it is important to know the sources of dietary fats in our diet and decrease the omega 6 but increase omega 3 fatty acids for a more balanced omega 6: omega 3 ratio.
References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-fishoil.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid
http://www.healthcastle.com/omega3.shtml
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/fish-oil/NS_patient-fishoil
Greene, J., Ashburn, S. M., Razzouk, L., & Smith, D. A. (2013). Fish oils, coronary heart disease, and the environment. American journal of public health, 103(9), 1568–1576. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300959
Simopoulos, A. P. (2002). The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 56(8), 365-379.



